Go for social science-8 (Political science)

                Political science

             CHAPTER - 1

            THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

              Exercise

            Only answer

8. Short answer questions

(a) Federalism is a system of government in which power is shared between a central government and regional governments. The central government is responsible for matters that affect the entire country, such as defense and foreign policy, while the regional governments are responsible for matters that affect their own region, such as education and healthcare.

(b) Universal adult suffrage is the right of all adult citizens to vote in elections. This means that everyone, regardless of their gender, race, religion, or social class, has the right to vote.

(c) There is separation of power in the country to prevent any one person or group from becoming too powerful. The three branches of government - the executive, the legislative, and the judicial - are each responsible for different aspects of government, and no one branch can make laws or decisions without the approval of the others.

(d) A democratic form of government is one in which the people have a say in how they are governed. This can be done through direct democracy, in which the people vote on laws and policies themselves, or through representative democracy, in which the people elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

(e) The Fundamental Rights given in the Constitution are:

* Right to equality
* Right to freedom
* Right against exploitation
* Right to freedom of religion
* Cultural and educational rights
* Right to constitutional remedies

(f) The Constitution prevents the dominance of majority over the minority by ensuring that all groups have a voice in government. This is done through a number of mechanisms, such as the reservation of seats for minority groups in the legislature and the appointment of minority representatives to the government. 

9. Long answer question. 

(a) The sentiments that led to the formation of the Constitution were a desire for a strong, united India that would protect the rights of its citizens and promote social justice. The Constitution was also drafted in the aftermath of the independence movement, which had been a long and bloody struggle against British rule. The framers of the Constitution were determined to create a document that would prevent India from falling into chaos and instability after independence.

(b) The Constitution ensures that Fundamental Rights of citizens are protected by a number of mechanisms. First, the Fundamental Rights are enshrined in the text of the Constitution itself, which means that they cannot be easily changed or repealed. Second, the Supreme Court of India has the power to strike down laws that violate the Fundamental Rights. Third, the Constitution establishes a number of institutions, such as the National Human Rights Commission, to protect the Fundamental Rights of citizens.

(c) The benefits of the Parliamentary form of government include:

* It is a system of government that is based on the principle of majority rule. This means that the party that wins the most seats in the general election forms the government.
* It is a system of government that is accountable to the people. The government is responsible to the Parliament, which is elected by the people.
* It is a system of government that is flexible and adaptable. It can be easily changed to meet the needs of the people.

(d) The main features of the Indian Constitution are:

* It is a written constitution. This means that the basic laws of the country are written down in a single document.
* It is a federal constitution. This means that power is shared between the central government and the state governments.
* It is a secular constitution. This means that the state does not have any religion.
* It is a socialist constitution. This means that the state has a responsibility to promote economic and social justice.
* It is a democratic constitution. This means that the people have the right to choose their government through free and fair elections.

(e) The importance of the Constitution can be summed up in the following words of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect of the Constitution: "The Constitution is not a mere lawyer's document, it is a living document and it expresses the soul of the people." The Constitution is the supreme law of the land and it sets out the basic principles of the Indian government. It is a document that has been amended many times over the years, but it remains the foundation of the Indian republic.